Enfour, Inc. screws up big time, makes dictionary app auto-post false accusations on users’ Twitter accounts
Software piracy. It’s a bad thing, it’s cost Android a lot in apps that never make it there, and it’s a fairly large problem on iOS too. A big enough problem, in fact, that the developer of the Oxford Deluxe dictionary app – a $55 app mind you – decided to do something about it. Exactly what, I don’t know, but here’s what happened to me just now:
I sat down to grade papers for an English class, and loaded up the dictionary app I’ve been using for ages to check a word. I got asked for access to my Twitter account, declined, and was thrown out of the app. Again and again. OK, I thought, apparently some update means the app now requires access – nothing new, apps need location access to access photos, and I don’t plan on sharing any words on Twitter anyways, so why not. I checked my word, went back to grading.
A few minutes later, I get a Twitter notification email about someone replying to my tweet. What tweet? This one:
How about we all stop using pirated iOS apps? I promise to stop. I really will. #softwarepirateconfession
Only problem was, I never sent it. It didn’t take me long to figure out what had happened, and I started looking around a bit. Turns out it’s happening all over the place. Just check the tag.
So are we all software pirates? No. I still have the receipt email from August 18, 2010, to prove that I paid the $50 for this app, as I do with all my apps. I have Installous, a jailbreak app for installing pirated apps, installed, but have only ever used it once: When Scanner Pro, which I also legally own, introduced a bug in the app that made the app stop working completely on my device. Installous lets you browse a list of available pirated versions of the app, which also means you can use it to go back to an older version of an app you legally own. This is otherwise impossible in iOS, unlike on Android.
I don’t know if there’s a relation there, but I assume so. If I were to guess, I assume the developer got tired of having the $50 app stolen, included a check for Installous, and simply forgot to actually add a method to see if the users had used it for the app in question. Whoops?
There’s a new update out for this app, dated November 1. It says to “Update now! Very important,” but gives no reason. This is a 340MB app; it’s not something I update for no reason. Well, I found out the reason, now didn’t I!
You don’t accidentally include a feature that asks for Twitter access and then use that access to accuse the owner of software piracy. That’s put in there deliberately, and it’s just the trigger that’s off. It doesn’t matter. This is illegal. I take this very seriously, especially because I paid 50 freaking dollars for this app, and I intend to pursue the matter. All previous mentions of this app on this site have been removed. The review has been removed, the app is no longer in my education guide, etc. There are certain things one has to have zero tolerance for, and this is one of them. I also intend to submit a complaint to Apple and hopefully get this idiot of a developer banned from the app store for good. I also encourage everyone to boycott the developer, Enfour, inc.
Edit: A couple of elaborations/updates:
I gave the app permission to access my Twitter account because being asked for weird permissions is nothing new, especially when 2/3 of your devices run Android. Android apps need internet access for license checks and displaying ads, they need camera access to use the LED, launchers need access to contacts because they include a feature to add direct call shortcuts to the home screen, and so on. This is a $50 app that I’ve owned and used for two years. I had absolutely no reason to expect that it had malicious intents. If I stopped allowing apps access to features like that because I didn’t immediately see the reason, I wouldn’t have many apps left. A free wallpaper app that was released two days ago on Google Play and has 500 negative reviews? Sure, it’s bad. A two-year-old $50 app that has gone through the Apple approval process dozens of times over those years? You wouldn’t think so.
As for legality, one thing is giving the app access to the Twitter account. The phrasing of the tweet, i.e. writing it in first person “I”, is impersonation. Nothing less. When I noticed the tweet, I obviously deleted it and revoked access to Twitter from within Twitter immediately. It seems like this only posts once, though.
When it comes to using Installous, well, I did it after a less than constructive conversation with the developer of Scanner Pro. I use that app a lot, I write about it on this site all the time, and the app just outright broke with an update a couple of months ago. I was first told they didn’t have a device with iOS 5.0.1 to test for the bug on, then when I asked for the .ipa file (iOS app files) to sideload an older version and not bother them about the bug anymore, I was told that jailbreaking the iPad was the cause of the bug to begin with. They later fixed the bug, and I don’t know how they ended up doing that after all. I always buy the paid version of an app; I don’t even think I have a free app installed if there’s a paid version of it – heck, I often don’t even include links to ad-supported versions of apps in articles I write if there are paid versions, as I think developers should be paid for their work. That is why this screw up pisses me off so much.
“Installous lets you browse a list of available pirated versions of the app, which also means you can use it to go back to an older version of an app you legally own.”
Even though that’s entirely reasonable, technically that STILL IS software piracy (or copyright infringement or whatever term has been settled upon). Software piracy is simply the unauthorized copying, use, or distribution of software, and presumably Readdle did not give Installous permission to act as an authorized distributor.
Unfortunately, the law just doesn’t recognize grey areas like yours; it’s up to the affected party to exercise proper judgment.
“That’s put in there deliberately, and it’s just the trigger that’s off. It doesn’t matter. This is illegal. . I take this very seriously, especially because I paid 50 freaking dollars for this app, and I intend to pursue the matter.”
Odds are that the license you agreed to when downloading the app place jurisdiction in either Ireland (where Apple’s European subsidiary is headquartered) or Japan (Enfour is a Japanese company). If it’s in Ireland, it’s not libel if it’s true. So while you might have a case, I have a sneaking suspicion that many of the… affected parties will not. In other words, for those people, the tweet was perfectly LEGAL. Japan on the other hand has libel laws friendlier to plaintiffs. Either way, you would need to hire a lawyer to sue them in the proper jurisdiction, and you would need to demonstrate actual damages. Good luck with that.
The legality of Installous isn’t in question here, as simply having it installed is not illegal. The link between this issue and Installous is also not confirmed, as the amount of these unauthorized messages on Twitter hints to either Installous being extremely common or there being more to this.
I was not talking about the legality of Installous but rather your recounting of your use of Installous: “I have Installous, a jailbreak app for installing pirated apps, installed, but have only ever used it once…” Where the law is concerned, that IS software piracy. Some licenses permit personal backups to be made; a copy from Installous is NOT considered a personal backup.
“The link between this issue and Installous is also not confirmed, as the amount of these unauthorized messages on Twitter hints to either Installous being extremely common or there being more to this.”
According to Hackulous’s official wiki, Installous has been installed on 13 MILLION devices as of September 7, 2011. The figure has not been updated since then. So I guess it depends: would you say 13 million is “extremely common”?
Steven L, please stop posting.
If the comments on this article were people at a dinner party, you would be the guy starting belligerent discussions with any and all, just for the sake of discussing.
Your posts may have some validity, but not sufficiently close to the point that Andreas is making.
gungi you stop, you would be like the child that screams to get attention while the adults are talking
30 (give or take 5) seconds of detective work on Twitter turned up the following two tweets.
https://twitter.com/keitaigoddess/status/263995697571971072
https://twitter.com/keitaigoddess/status/263995940602535936
Long story short, they’re calling it a bug.
That doesn’t provide any more information. I already know it affects legitimate users, but you can have Installous installed and still have paid for your apps, or at least the one in question.
Also, they can call it a bug all they want. There are certain mistakes in certain jobs that are unforgivable and simply means you have to throw in the towel. These idiots found that mistake for app developers.
The way I know that this is 100% illegal, not just immoral, is the way the tweet is written. It’s written in first person, as if I personally write it. That makes it impersonation and identity theft.
That’s… a nice non-sequitur? Identity FRAUD (you cannot, despite the prevalence of the term, “steal” someone’s identity) is unlawfully using personal information to be used to masquerade as that other person. You gave the program permission to access your Twitter account. Depending on the precise language in a given jurisdiction, it would be challenging to make a case for that.
Regardless, it does not change the fact that for whatever legal remedies you’ll be pursuing, you will need to hire a lawyer in the proper jurisdictions. Nor does it change the fact that YOU ADMITTED to committing was is technically software piracy.
Steven, read the article more carefully. The piece of software the Andreas technically pirated was an entirely different piece of software.
It had nothing to do with the tweeting dictionary.
Actually, no it is not illegal. Having installous installed is not illegal, just like having torrent programs installed is not illegal. Further, downloading from there is not illegal either. The illegality only comes in if you do not own the app in question. As he DID own the app, and was simply rolling back to a previous version, he has committed no crime. Learn a little something about the law before posting. Kthnxbai
I have no clue as to the legality of this myself. I don’t think any law covers “using an alternative, normally illegal source to obtain software one owns the license to”. I think places like download.com etc would have a massive problem if that happened. I also don’t exactly think that Readdle is going to mind that I fixed it myself seeing as though there are 24 articles mentioning the app on this site. I did however not mention that in my support emails to them, as I think an app developer should fix bugs regardless of who has them.
Steven L: You’re a belligerent retard trying to pull focus from the real issue of Twitter impersoantion bya an app developer. You probably work at Enfour or do their PR. Installous is completely legal to have installed in Norway. Stop your childish arguing – you only make yourself look like a fool.
““Installous lets you browse a list of available pirated versions of the app, which also means you can use it to go back to an older version of an app you legally own.”
Even though that’s entirely reasonable, technically that STILL IS software piracy…”
No, if new version doesn’t work, anyone has right to roll back old version or sue app developer for:
a) not fit for purpose product.
b) discontinuation of app that you have bought by forcing update that prevents app from working on your device.
@Stephen L
Actually, I believe that the spirit of the law is twisted by the App store. If I purchase version 3.1 of an app, I own it. If I am allowed to upgrade to version 3.9.9, then I own those versions too. That is common sense.
If I prefer some feature in version 3.5 that was removed in version 3.8, why wouldn’t I be allowed to downgrade?
I’m not familiar with the laws addressing electronic communications in the potential jurisdictions, but I would be surprised if they contemplate the surreptitious use of a software licensee’s communications software to send unauthorized messages, no matter how bulletproof the licensor’s case for intellectual property infringement. Were I counsel for Enfour, I would find this author’s scenario unnerving.
Andreas specifically stated that he was asked for access to his Twitter account, and that he granted it permissions. That is hardly surreptitious. One should always think twice about granting any service or company one’s account privileges. Faced with an app that demanded Twitter access before it would work–at least in cases of apps where I would not expect to tweet from and it’s not mandatory to use the app–my reaction would be to demand a refund.
I can’t agree with you there. Both iOS and Android have some extremely weird permission systems, where iOS needs apps to have location access just to load photos, and Android needs them to have internet access to check the license or load ads. Twitter is now integrated in the OS, so it wouldn’t be surprising if simply having a twitter feature anywhere in the app would cause this to appear.
What’s more likely, an app you’ve had for 2 years and paid $50 for needing twitter access because of more stupid cause and effect changes in iOS, or the developer having accidentally enabled skynet mode in the app?
I challenge you to try to get a $50 refund from Apple two years after the purchase just because it asks for Twitter access.
I’m not sure why you would be asking for a refund from Apple. I would be asking for one from the developer. And I have a variety of apps that have Twitter sharing features, but they have not asked for permission until I actually tried to tweet from them.
Developers have no power to issue refunds. They are like the wholesaler — you bought it at the Apple App Store and they are the ones that give refunds.
Of course, a developer could just send you money if they thought that you really had a point, but it won’t be through the normal refund channels. Also, they would lose the 30% that Apple took.
Photos have GPS information in their meta-data which is why you have to give location permission to access them in iOS
How else would an Android app load ads or carry out license checking without internet access?
StevenL, are you developmentally disabled, or just employed by Enfour, Inc?
He’s probably the incompetent coder behind this “feature”. Worried about his job.
I agree completely with Jeff.
I would add that this problem seems to be happening with many, if not all of the Enfour dictionary apps, not just the Oxford app that this story is about. And Enfour seems to be attacking customers who post low reviews on their App Store pages. Check them out on your iPad (the most offensive Enfour responses seem only to be visible on the iPad, not the iPhone App Store).
And this has nothing to do with having a jail broken iPad or iPhone. It is happening to everyone. I feel lucky I don’t have a Twitter account.
As far as Apple is concerned, they actively vet all iPhone and iPad applications on theit store and make it difficult or impossible to buy apps anywhere else. So I think they should bear some responsibility for the malware-like behavior of the apps they actually restrict you to buy.
I should clarify that Enfour is attacking people leaving bad reviews in the App Store, but not by triggering their Twitter accounts. Enfour is actually responding to the bad reviews by posting negative comments about the reviewers themselves on the description pages of Enfour’s apps. You can see these when you access the iPad store, but you have to click “more” for them to appear. I don’t think they show up in the iPhone app store.
I don’t have a twitter account, would the app have made me get one?
\regardless of illegality – this is a move that seems like it was intended to achieve one aim and managed to get another. The fact of installation of another app is wrong and might not even be pertinent to what has happened.
I would be feeling very angry that an App I have bought has been updated to then accuse me of theft. I would no longer trust such an app or developer.
Stephen, I agree that Andreas did give the app permission to access his Twitter feed, but there is usually quite a significant warning on any application that informs the user that it will post tweets on their behalf, and there is an option to turn it off. There did not seem to be such a warning in this case, and that is at least materially significant.
I am not a lawyer, but a EULA has provisions in it that can be and have been proven to be unenforceable, so the defense of reading the EULA seems to be something of a moot point. If the software is necessary, then the EULA could tell me that the company would have rights to my first born for as long as I use it, and I would still use it.
“I got asked for access to my Twitter account, declined, and was thrown out of the app. Again and again.”
So not only did he get a warning but he got warned “again and again” that it was going to tweet on his behalf before giving it permission. Still a BS move by the apps developers of course, especially with all the false positives. That said, I’d be pretty pissed at the large number of jerks who pirate iOS and Android apps.
Like I said, this is fairly common in mobile OSes. Apps can’t access photos now without location access, which sounds strange at first. Android apps ask for internet permission to check license and show ads, launchers have to have contact access because they have the option to add direct dial shortcuts on the home screen on android, and apps that just want to use the LED flash need camera access. Given all that crap, is it really so weird that I gave a $50 app access to something it didn’t inherently need? If you’re going to start distrusting all these weird access requests, you can sell your mobile devices right away, because you won’t be able to do anything.
Hey Mr. Enfour employee: he didn’t get a warning about the post – he got asked for access and couldn’t strart his paid for app until he’d done so. The developers are complete idiots and I hope they’ll go bankrupt ASAP. Good riddance!
It did not say that it would post messages on his behalf. It only said that it wanted access to his account – which implies that it only wants information.
Yeah, EULAs and whatnot don’t really matter. This app created a message in my name, and in doing so, impersonated me. That is strictly illegal as per Norwegian laws that override any idiotic EULA an app might have.
Have you tried to deny access to the App from Twitter.com?
Yeah sure, I did that right away when I noticed the tweet
Aren’t the app developers guilty of libel or defamation? Astoundingly stupid on their part.
It would only be libel if they knew it not to be true and made the statement anyway. You can usually get away with it if you had sufficient reason to believe it to be true. Well atleast in the US.
I know in the UK the truth isn’t a defense, ie you can still be sued for libel/slander even if the statement you made was true.
Urm, wrong.
It can’t be considered libel/slander if it’s true.
In Brazil, it is.
I can be sued by telling the true if the person I’m talking about takes offense or “honor damages”.
Go figure out – I can be sued by a politician if I states publicly he has a Interpol Warrant (I’m right, Paulo Maluf?)
Yeah, this is absolutely slanderous.
When you
When you purchased the app did they tell you that it would be required to post to twitter on your behalf? And if by declining to allow access to your twitter account renders the app useless then in my opinion you should receive a full refund.
I find this level of hysteria extraordinary. It went wrong, they faffed around a bit then fixed it, it’s all better now. It was a bloody silly and embarrassing idea which no doubt they wish they hadn’t had. Why doesn’t everyone just have a nice cup of tea and forget it? No-one died. All this talk of boycotts and lawyers is pathetic – self-righteous tubthumpers, or saddos hoping for a fast buck or yen. or what? Really, grow a pair. It just doesn’t matter that much.
And actually I think I’d probably now trust this developer more than many others as they have had their fingers so burnt! (Like in the World According to Garp – they’ve been pre-disastered!) And they’ve still got a good product – the whole ODE (sadly not the OED) and OTE in a teeny tiny box. I don;t give a monkey’s about the Twitter thing now – it was annoying for, what, 30 minutes. Should I sue someone?? Come on people. It’s just a f*ckup, it happened, it is past, it has not affected our lives TOO much.
How about we all stop using molesting children? I promise to stop. I really will. #kiddiefiddlerconfession
The first two “Doubtful Des” comments are from the same person, me. The third is from some fool who couldn’t think of their own alias.
Finally, you understand! :-)
Simple do not be a sheep and stop buying stuff from apple.
This story is gaining some traction, but there seems to be an error in the reporting. The Enfour apps trigger whether or not your phone is jailbroken and whether or not you have something called “installus” installed. I had all the same problems — except for the Twitter posts — on a non-jailbroken iPad without Installus installed, or any other app that I did not obtain from the Apple App Store legitimately. And I used a completely different Enfour dictionary product, namely, the American Heritage Deluxe dictionary. The app went crazy on me asking to run in “safe mode” and to access my Twitter account. What saved me was the lucky fact that I don’t use Twitter and don’t have a Twitter account. But I did receive the “push” notifications accusing me of being a thief!
I think it is more accurate to say that Enfour’s anti-piracy module either didn’t check anything at all, or didn’t do so in a competent manner. Either way, it doesn’t speak well either for the programmers or the app store vetting procedures.
This is correct. It wasn’t a question of jailbroken or otherwise – as I understand it, it was all of their apps. Likewise, it wasn’t just one dictionary but everything that presumably used the same engine- ODE, AHD, maybe one one BrE dictionary (Longmans or something?)
There seems to be an odd disconnect between how nice they have been by email and the perception that they have been hostile etc elsewhere. It seems a real pity that they haven’t put something up on their website owning up to and apologizing for the problem.
And yes, as well as being bad programming it was a gruesomely unsuitable and embarrassing form of words. Probably seemed like a great idea over a drink and in the belief that it would only ever happen to pirates, probably doesn’t seem such a cool thing to say now. But their being publicly as nice/apologetic about it as they have been in private would I think help defuse some of the hostility. I know there has been an apology in Japanese but not where I can find it, and in English there seems to be nothing.
I imagine this kind of false detection is incredibly common. I had an app I paid for and quite enjoy inform me that the license verification failed today, though uninstalling it and reinstalling fixed it.
Maybe instead of making up insane numbers wholesale, people just create really shitty piracy detection methods that accuse their customers.
What you all fail to realize is that if I pay for a app and want to give it away that is my god given right so I truly don’t feel that is piracy and if you say it is well then boo hoo. I paid for it and can give it to who ever I choose if I sold the app for money then that is wrong but giving it away is my business
Larry, you buy a license to use a copy of the application. You do not buy the application. You cannot distribute it unless the license grants you that permission. Copying stuff without permission, unless granted to you by law (and it does not in your case), is piracy.
Only the copyright holder can change the license under which the product is distributed. Not you, the copyright holder.
As to some other trolls here, if you have an old version and then upgrade the new version, you can re-install the old version *irrespective of the source* you get the new version from as you have had a license to use that old version. If I buy Windows, then Windows DVD breaks, I can copy a copy of the same DVD from someone else 100% legally provided I can proove I have a license to use that versino of Windows. I can only use the same license ID for verification of my broken DVD. I can’t really use a new license ID I find on the internet.
So basically, Andreas is in the clear w.r.t. straightforward copyright terms. With respect to Apple’s license and jailbreaking, that has already be dealt with in court in some nations around the world and has *nothing* to do with a given application.
Now, the application impersonated him without permission. What is so difficult to understand?
I feel like I have to respond to this because it seems to be such an utter misunderstanding of the issue at hand.
Larry, what you’re referring to is legally known as the “first sale doctrine,” and indeed, you *do* have the right to give away — or even resell — something that you paid money for. This is what allows used CD stores ad used bookstores to exist.
However, you do *not* have the right to sell or give something away and keep a copy of it for yourself. If you buy a CD, make a copy of it for yourself, and then sell the original, your copy is now illegal. It’s a copyright violation. The same is, of course, true of downloaded music — or downloaded software.
Furthermore, I have no idea what this has to do with the problem the original author is describing, which is an anti-piracy module run amok. Nobody is arguing about the legitimacy of copyright theft; the problem is that Enfour’s software is apparently going about accusing people of piracy. On Twitter. If this happened to me, I’d be righteously pissed off.
Lastly, I’m fairly confident that this is not a “god given right”; the copyright holders are granted by law — not God — exactly what the word “copyright” implies: the right to copy. If you’re trying to assert that God gives you special dispensation to violate copyright, I’d gently suggest broaching that idea with the clergy of your choice.
Copyright law is broken. When a law is bad, it is the duty of men everywhere to disobey that law.
Patents are only good for about 15 years. So if Lipitor is only protected for 15 years, why should the “Happy Birthday” song or “Fantasia” enjoy more protection? 127 years for Mickey Mouse? Really? Absurd.
Therefore, I consider any published work over 15 years old as in the public domain and freely available.
Edward, that’s utterly moronic. Copyright and patents are vastly different things. The fact that you don’t understand why doesn’t give you the right to infringe the rights of others.
Regarding copyright law and whether or not it comes from God, I had to laugh. Actually, when you think about it, it does come from God. At least, in a protestant monarchy like here in the UK. The standard logic goes like this:
The monarch rules by divine right. The crown makes the law. The law is legitimate because of this divine backing.
If you didn’t laugh you’d cry…
The idea that if you can detect the dictionary app is pirated then you should publicly shame the installer using twitter where their friends, family, clients and boss can see it, is really poor customer relations. All it takes is one false positive and you are doing damage to your reputation with one of your paying customers. That Enfour would release a fifty dollar app with this bug is completely unprofessional, and their responses on their forums shows them to be completely ignorant in public relations.
Yes. What did they think would happen to a real pirate if that tweet went out? Would the villagers storm the castle? I doubt it.
Having said that, I still think it’s a bit of a storm in a teacup. Screwup, no-one died, move on …
Where are these forums please? I would like to see what they are saying in public.
Their pathetic non-apology, laughing it off
as though it’s inconsequential, should drive
every customer away.
•
You see the character of this vendor’s
management team in their reaction.
If you stick around after that, you deserve
to get screwed again.
BS. You can restore to a previous version of an iOS app. Previous versions remain on the computer you sync with. I had to do this with Appigo’s Todo just last week because of a buggy release.
Assuming you sync your device to a computer, which hasn’t been necessary on iOS for several years now. I expect what’s essentially a computer to not be dependent on another computer.
Syncing, in my mind is akin to a disaster recovery plan. My train of thought is, what would it take to restore this device/server/workstation/router/ad nauseum to a state that is acceptable to me. Once I’ve made that determination, I do it.
Personally, I agree with you. But because I want to be able to restore my iphone to a certain state, I sync once a month. That is what meets my needs.
If you choose not backup in a fashion that meets your needs, then you lost your right to complain if a disaster happens.
Probably, but you still do not lose your right to run a previous version of the app, for which you have been granted license before.
Also, previous versions do not *necessarily* remain on the computer you sync with. At least in my setup, old versions just go to the Trash.
I will pirate this app and buy a shitty iphone just to have my username posted on twitter.
Wish I had something that ran IOS just to pirate this app on principle. This company needs to be sued out of existance. There has to be as better way to protect against piracy than iss off your customer base.
I really hope that everyone that got defamed will sue.
This needs to cost them a lot of money.
You should contact a lawyer in wherever they are.
unauthorized access is still unauthorized access. In Japanese 500,000 yen fine per incident.
http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/ciadr/law199908.html
I have implement this steps in my android apps which all are relevant to my apps. One more thing I have share with you I have a problem of configuration error in my own app but I have short out this error after read this blog.
Andreas, Have you tried to get a refund for the app? If so, who from and did it work?
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Regarding the account access… You write:
“I gave the app permission to access my Twitter account because being asked for weird permissions is nothing new, especially when 2/3 of your devices run Android. Android apps need internet access for license checks and displaying ads, they need camera access to use the LED, launchers need access to contacts because they include a feature to add direct call shortcuts to the home screen, and so on. This is a $50 app that I’ve owned and used for two years. I had absolutely no reason to expect that it had malicious intents.”
I must say that I’m puzzed by your “logic”. An application may need to access the Internet in general – it might check for updates, or access web services, or download static data that isn’t a part of the install. Displaying ads is also understandable – ads change and need to be downloaded. Access to contacts makes sense for a communication application.
But how could anyone with servicable reasoning skills (which is something I’d expect from a teacher) come to the conclusion that a *dictionary app* has the right to ask you for *private credentials* for a service that publishes things to the whole world *under your name* is beyond me. Explicitly allowing someone to impersonate you is almost like giving that person/entity a blank piece of paper with your signature. You’ve basically given a green light to an unknown person to say on the Internet that you’re trafficking in drugs or that you’re intent on killing king Harald (or both). Unless you’re OK with this happening, you don’t give people signed blank papers, or do you?
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